Differential levels of soybean resistance to the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) under controlled and uncontrolled environments are associated with plant age, damage intensity, and trichome density

Whiteflies are a severe threat to soybean production in the tropics. This study aimed to evaluate the soybean resistance level of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in controlled and uncontrolled environments that is associated with plant age, damage intensity, and trichome density. The research was conducted under two conditions: non-sprayed (NS) and sprayed (SP). This study used 50 soybean genotypes arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates. The whitefly population was derived from natural infestations. The results showed that the highest wild population of B. tabaci occurred at 40 days after planting (DAP), i.e., 126.08 adults/plant in the NS environment and 22.57 adults/plant in the SP environment. The peak damage intensity occurred at 50 DAP, 20.71% in the NS environment, and 17.15% in the SP environment. In the NS environment, there were six resistant genotypes (including the resistant control G100H), 25 moderate, and 19 susceptible genotypes. In the SP environment, 19 genotypes were resistant, 22 genotypes were moderate, and nine genotypes were susceptible, respectively. Six soybean genotypes showed consistent resistance to B. tabaci in NS and SP environments. The low density of leaf trichomes in soybean may influence the high resistance to B. tabaci. The resistant genotypes identified in this study could be utilized in breeding programs for B. tabaci resistance.

PlaD: A Transcriptomics Database for Plant Defense Responses to Pathogens, Providing New Insights into Plant Immune System / 基因组蛋白质组与生物信息学报·英文版

High-throughput transcriptomics technologies have been widely used to study plant transcriptional reprogramming during the process of plant defense responses, and a large quantity of gene expression data have been accumulated in public repositories. However, utilization of these data is often hampered by the lack of standard metadata annotation. In this study, we curated 2444 public pathogenesis-related gene expression samples from the model plant Arabidopsis and three major crops (maize, rice, and wheat). We organized the data into a user-friendly database termed as PlaD. Currently, PlaD contains three key features. First, it provides large-scale curated data related to plant defense responses, including gene expression and gene functional annotation data. Second, it provides the visualization of condition-specific expression profiles. Third, it allows users to search co-regulated genes under the infections of various pathogens. Using PlaD, we conducted a large-scale transcriptome analysis to explore the global landscape of gene expression in the curated data. We found that only a small fraction of genes were differentially expressed under multiple conditions, which might be explained by their tendency of having more network connections and shorter network distances in gene networks. Collectively, we hope that PlaD can serve as an important and comprehensive knowledgebase to the community of plant sciences, providing insightful clues to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying plant immune responses. PlaD is freely available at http://systbio.cau.edu.cn/plad/index.php or http://zzdlab.com/plad/index.php.

Avaliação dos estudantes de enfermagem sobre a aprendizagem com a simulação clínica / Evaluación de los estudiantes de enfermería sobre el aprendizaje con la simulación clínica / Evaluation of nursing students about learning with clinical simulation

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever as contribuições da simulação clínica para aprendizagem de atributos cognitivos e procedimentais, por meio do debriefing, na perspectiva dos estudantes de enfermagem. Método: estudo descritivo exploratório. Participaram 20 estudantes de Graduação em Enfermagem de uma universidade do interior paulista. Na coleta de dados, realizada na etapa do debriefing, foi registrada a percepção do aluno sobre a simulação, aspectos positivos e o que poderia ser feito de forma diferente. Os relatos foram agrupados em categorias temáticas centrais, segundo referencial de análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2011), analisadas por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados: identificada valorização da aprendizagem ativa, crítica e reflexiva (47,5%) em decorrência da aproximação à realidade assistencial (20,3%), manifestação dos sentimentos vivenciados durante a simulação (16,9%) e composição do cenário (15,3%). Conclusão: a simulação clínica seguida do debriefing favorece a compreensão da relação entre ação e resultados alcançados na aprendizagem. .

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir las contribuciones de simulación clínica para aprender atributos cognitivos y de procedimiento, a través de debriefing, desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes de enfermería. Método: estudio exploratorio descriptivo. 20 estudiantes participaron en el Pregrado en Enfermería de una universidad de São Paulo. Durante la recolección de datos, que se aplicó durante el debriefing, fue grabado en la percepción de los estudiantes de la simulación, los aspectos positivos y lo que podría hacerse de otra manera. Los informes de los estudiantes se agrupan de acuerdo a los temas centrales, según el referencial de análisis de contenido de Bardin (2011) y analizados mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados: identificado la mejora de aprendizaje activo, crítico y reflexivo (47,5%) debido a la aproximación a la realidad en la atención de enfermería (20,3%), un resultado de la composición del escenario (16,9%), lo que favorece el desarrollo de sentimientos experimentados durante la simulación (15,3%). Conclusión: la simulación clínica seguida de debriefing favorece la comprensión de la relación entre la acción y los resultados obtenidos en el aprendizaje. .

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the contributions of clinical simulation for learning cognitive and procedural attributes through debriefi ng, from the perspective of nursing students. Method: descriptive exploratory study. Twenty nursing undergraduate students from a university in the interior of the state of São Paulo participated in this study. Data collection was performed at the debriefi ng stage. Student’s perceptions about the simulation, positive aspects and what they could have done differently were registered. The students’ statements were grouped according to the central themes and the framework of Bardin’s content analysis (2011) and were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: enhancement of active, critical and refl ective learning (47.5%) was identifi ed due to the closeness to reality in nursing care (20.3%), manifestation of feelings experienced during the simulation (15.3%) and composition of the scenario (15.3%). Conclusion: the clinical simulation followed by debriefi ng promotes the understanding of the link between action and achievements in learning. .

Mortality from Alzheimer's disease in Brazil, 2000-2009 / Enfermedad de Alzheimer: estudio de la mortalidad en Brasil, 2000-2009 / Doença de Alzheimer: estudo da mortalidade no Brasil, 2000-2009

Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent type of dementia in the elderly worldwide. To evaluate the mortality trend from Alzheimer's disease in Brazil, a descriptive study was conducted with the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (2000-2009). Age and sex-standardized mortality rates were calculated in Brazil's state capitals, showing the percentage variation by exponential regression adjustment. The state capitals as a whole showed an annual growth in mortality rates in the 60 to 79 year age bracket of 8.4% in women and 7.7% in men. In the 80 and older age group, the increase was 15.5% in women and 14% in men. Meanwhile, the all-cause mortality rate declined in both elderly men and women. The increase in mortality from Alzheimer's disease occurred in the context of chronic diseases as a proxy for increasing prevalence of the disease in the population. The authors suggest healthcare strategies for individuals with chronic non-communicable diseases.

La enfermedad de Alzheimer es la demencia más frecuente entre adultos mayores en el mundo. Para evaluar la evolución de la mortalidad por la enfermedad de Alzheimer en Brasil, se ha desarrollado un estudio con datos del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad del Ministerio de Salud, durante el período 2000-2009. Se calcularon las tasas de mortalidad estandarizadas por edad y sexo en las capitales brasileñas y se registró la variación porcentual mediante ajuste de la regresión exponencial. El conjunto de las capitales presentó un aumento anual de las tasas de mortalidad en el grupo de edad de 60 a 79 años, de un 8,4% en mujeres y un 7,7% en hombres. En el grupo de 80 o más años, el aumento fue de un 15,5% en mujeres y un 14% en hombres. No obstante, hubo una disminución en la tasa de mortalidad por todas las causas entre los adultos mayores de ambos sexos. Se destaca un aumento de la mortalidad por enfermedad de Alzheimer en el contexto de las enfermedades crónicas como un proxy para la prevalencia de la enfermedad en la población, y se indican estrategias de asistencia en el cuidado de pacientes con enfermedades de larga duración.

A doença de Alzheimer é o tipo de demência que mais prevalece entre os idosos no mundo. Para avaliar a evolução da mortalidade por doença de Alzheimer no Brasil foi desenvolvido um estudo descritivo com os dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde, no período de 2000 a 2009. Calcularam-se as taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por idade e sexo nas capitais brasileiras e se observou a variação percentual por meio de ajuste por regressão exponencial. Para o conjunto das capitais houve um crescimento anual nas taxas de mortalidade na faixa etária de 60 a 79 anos de 8,4% entre as mulheres e 7,7% entre os homens. No grupo etário de 80 anos e mais, o aumento foi de 15,5% entre as mulheres e 14% entre os homens. Contrariamente, verificou-se declínio da taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas entre os idosos em ambos os sexos. Destaca-se o aumento da mortalidade por doença de Alzheimer no contexto das doenças crônicas como um indicador aproximado da prevalência da doença na população, e são apontadas estratégias de assistência ao cuidado dos portadores de doenças de longa duração.

RNA silencing, the fundamental security strategy of genomic immunity: a review / 生物工程学报

The 21-24 nucleotides small RNA that generated from double strands RNA can trigger two types of epigenetic gene silencing in plants. One is Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS), characterized by cleavage of homologous mRNA in cytoplasm. Transcriptional Gene Silencing (TGS) is another one, in which transcription inhibition is obtained through small RNA-directed DNA methylation of homologous promoter region. Here we summarized the relationship and differences between PTGS and TGS, the current achievement in the study of RNA silencing spreading, as well as the discrepancy of exogenous and endogenous gene silencing, and discussed the underlying reasons in the end.

Expression and functional analysis of OsRboh gene family in rice immune response / 生物工程学报

The preliminary role of respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh) in plant immune response is defined, but the exact function of OsRboh gene in rice immune response and its expression pattern is yet unclear. In order to clarify the role of OsRboh in rice immune response, we screened seven OsRboh genes from the latest rice genome annotation database. The result of tissue specific expression analysis demonstrated that OsRbohD was expressed only in spike and calli, and OsRbohE and OsRbohF were only expressed in calli. The rest of OsRboh genes were constitutively expressed in rice. In addition, the expression level of OsRboh gene family was analyzed in the rice leaves respectively treated with salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) and Xanthomonas oryzae PV. oryzae (Xoo) PXO99 strain by Real-time PCR, and H2O2 content was also quantified by spectrophotometry after the three treatments. The result shows that the expression of OsRbohA, B, C and D was increased under the treatments of SA, the expression of OsRbohA, B, C and G was increased under the treatments of MeJA, and the expression of OsRbohA and OsRbohB was induced by Xoo PXO99 strain. However, the levels of expression and responsive times of these genes were different. Moreover, all three treatments led to H2O2 accumulation. These OsRboh genes have functional roles in rice native immune response.

Comportamento de genótipos de feijoeiro ao ataque de Bemisia tabaci (Genn) biótipo B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) / Behavior of bean genotypes to attack by Bemisia tabaci (Genn) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Avaliou-se o comportamento de genótipos de feijoeiro sob infestação de Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biótipo B em condições de campo, nas épocas de cultivo "da seca" e "das águas". Utilizaram-se os genótipos IAC-Tybatã, IAC-Una, FT-Nobre, Pérola, LP 98-122, LP 02-130, LP 01-38, LP 9979, BRS-Pontal, BRS-Requinte, BRS-Triunfo, BRS-Grafite, CV-48 e Z-28. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com 14 tratamentos e três repetições. As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente, contando-se o número de ovos e de ninfas de B. tabaci biótipo B em dez folíolos por parcela. Na safra "da seca" os genótipos menos ovipositados por B. tabaci biótipo B foram IAC-Una e LP 02-130 e os mais ovipositados foram os genótipos Z-28 e Pérola. As menores presenças de ninfas de mosca-branca foram observadas em LP 98-122 e FT-Nobre e as maiores em LP 01-38, Pérola e Z-28. Para a safra "das águas" os genótipos não diferiram entre si em relação ao ataque de B. tabaci biótipo B. Os fatores da produção apresentaram diferença estatística somente na safra das secas.

Bean genotypes were evaluated under the infestation of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B under field conditions in the dry and rainy season. The genotypes used were IAC-Tybatã, IAC-Una, FT-Nobre, Pérola, LP 98-122, LP 02-130, LP 01-38, LP 9979, BRSPontal, BRS-Requinte, BRS-Triunfo, BRS-Grafite, CV-48 and Z-28. The experiment was arranged in randomized blocks with 14 treatments and 3 replications. The evaluations were made on a weekly basis by counting B. tabaci biotype B eggs and nymphs on 10 leaflets per plot. In the dry season the least oviposited genotypes by B. tabaci biotype B were IAC-Una and LP 02-130, while the most oviposited were Z-28 and Pérola. The least presence of nymphs of whitefly was observed on LP 98-122 and FT-Nobre, and the most on LP 01-38, Perola and Z-28. For the rainy season the genotypes did not differ in relation to the attack of B. tabaci biotype B. The yield factors presented a statistical difference only in the dry season.

Comportamento do maracujazeiro amarelo, variedade Afruvec, ante uma população de Fusarium solani, agente causal da podridão do colo / Behaviour of yellow passion fruit, Afruvec variety, in relation to a population of Fusarium solani, causal agent of collar rot

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o comportamento do maracujazeiro amarelo, variedade Afruvec, ante uma população de Fusarium solani, obtida desse mesmo hospedeiro. O delineamento adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, contendo dez tratamentos (nove isolados e tratamento testemunha), com quatro repetições, sendo cada parcela representada por um vaso contendo uma planta. Um disco do meio de cultura, colonizado com cada isolado do fungo, foi inoculado no colo ferido das plantas da variedade Afruvec, dois meses após a semeadura. Avaliou-se a patogenicidade, a incidência (número de plantas mortas) e a severidade da doença (comprimento da lesão no colo), até os sessenta dias após a inoculação. A variedade Afruvec foi suscetível ao fungo e apresentou variabilidade quanto à incidência e severidade da doença diante dos diferentes isolados. A população do fungo apresentou variabilidade em relação à agressividade. Com a evidência de diversidade genética na população do fungo, recomenda-se, também, nos testes de seleção de materiais ao patógeno, a avaliação desses materiais em diferentes localidades com histórico da doença ou inoculação com uma mistura de isolados do fungo, a fim de se conhecer a resistência ampla do genótipo ao patógeno.

The objective of the present work was to verify the behavior of yellow passion fruit, Afruvec variety, in relation to a population of Fusarium solani, obtained from this crop. The experimental delineation was random blocks, containing 10 treatments [9 isolates and 1 control treatment], with 4 repetitions, each plot being represented by a vase containing a plant. A disk of culture medium colonized by each isolate of the fungus was inoculated in the wounded collar region of the plants of the Afruvec variety two months after sowing. The appraised parameters were: the pathogenicity, the incidence (number of dead plants) and the severity of the disease (length of the lesion in the collar region), until 60 days after inoculation. The Afruvec variety was susceptible to the fungus and also presented variability as to the severity of the disease and incidence in relation to the different isolates. The population of the fungus showed variability in regard to aggressiveness. In light of the evidence of genetic diversity in the F. solani population, it is also suggested, in the tests of selection of materials to the pathogen, that these materials should be evaluated in different places with a history of the disease or inoculation with a pool of isolates of the fungus, in order to know the wide resistance of the genotype to the pathogen.